Dental X-rays use low-dose ionizing radiation to capture images of teeth, roots, bone, and jaws, revealing hidden issues invisible during visual exams. Intraoral types include bitewings (interproximal decay/crowns), periapicals (full tooth + bone for abscesses/root tips), occlusals (developing teeth/jaw alignment). Extraoral encompass panoramic (OPG: full mouth survey), cephalometric (ortho planning), cone-beam CT (3D implants/implants). Uses: detect cavities, bone loss (periodontitis), impacted teeth, cysts, infections, oral cancer; frequency per ADA (new patients: full series, recall: bitewings 1-2yr). Digital sensors reduce radiation 80-90% vs. film; lead aprons optional per 2024 guidelines as doses ≈ daily background.