Speculums are medical instruments that dilate body orifices for internal visualization during exams. Vaginal/gynecologic types Cusco (bivalve self-retaining for Pap smears/IUD insertion), Graves (wider blades for parous women), Pederson (narrow for virgins/postmenopausal), Sims (single blade for surgery) enable cervical/vaginal wall inspection. Other variants: nasal (Killian for rhinoscopy), aural (ear canal), rectal (anoscope), laryngeal (endoscopy). Stainless steel/plastic; lubricated sterile insertion with gentle pressure; disposable reduces infection risk.